Edema pulmonar por reexpansión. Reporte de Caso / Pulmonary edema due to re-expansion. Case Report

Introducción. El edema pulmonar por reexpansión es una complicación poco frecuente, secundaria a una rápida reexpansión pulmonar posterior al drenaje por toracentesis o toracostomía cerrada. Al día de hoy, se ha descrito una incidencia menor al 1 % tras toracostomía cerrada, con mayor prevalencia en la segunda y tercera década de la vida. Su mecanismo fisiopatológico exacto es desconocido; se ha planteado un proceso multifactorial de daño intersticial pulmonar asociado con un desequilibrio de las fuerzas hidrostáticas. Caso clínico. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que desarrolló edema pulmonar por reexpansión posterior a toracostomía cerrada. Se hizo una revisión de la literatura sobre esta complicación. Resultados. Aunque la clínica sugiere el diagnóstico, la secuencia de imágenes desempeña un papel fundamental. En la mayoría de los casos suele ser autolimitado, por lo que su manejo es principalmente de soporte; sin embargo, se han reportado tasas de mortalidad que alcanzan hasta el 20 %, por tanto, es importante conocer los factores de riesgo y las medidas preventivas. Conclusión. El edema pulmonar de reexpansión posterior a toracostomía es una complicación rara en los casos con neumotórax, aunque es una complicación que se puede presentar en la práctica diaria, por lo cual debe tenerse en mente para poder hacer el diagnóstico y un manejo adecuado.

Introduction. Re-expansion pulmonary edema is a rare complication secondary to rapid pulmonary re-expansion after drainage by thoracentesis and/or closed thoracostomy. As of today, an incidence of less than 1% has been described after closed thoracostomy, with a higher prevalence in the second and third decades of life. Its exact pathophysiological mechanism is unknown; a multifactorial process of lung interstitial damage associated with an imbalance of hydrostatic forces has been proposed. Clinical case. We present the case of a patient who developed pulmonary edema due to re-expansion after closed thoracostomy, conducting a review of the literature on this complication. Results. Although the clinic suggests the diagnosis, the sequence of images plays a fundamental role. In most cases, it tends to be a self-limited disease, so its management is mainly supportive. However, mortality rates of up to 20% have been recorded. Therefore, it is important to identify patients with major risk factors and initiate preventive measures in these patients. Conclusions. Re-expansion pulmonary edema after thoracostomy is a rare complication in cases with pneumothorax; however, it is a complication that can occur in daily practice. Therefore, it must be kept in mind to be able to make the diagnosis and an adequate management.

Fisiología respiratoria. Neumología de altura: saturación de oxígeno, edema pulmonar y pruebas de función pulmonar / Respiratory physiology - High -altitude pneumology: oxygen saturation, pulmonary edema and pulmonary function tests

En las alturas, sobre todo a 2500 metros sobre el nivel del mar, la cantidad absoluta de oxígeno va decreciendo y por lo tanto la cantidad disponible para el intercambio gaseoso disminuye, produciéndose una vasoconstricción hipóxica pulmonar (VHP). La VHP asociada a la hipoxia hipobárica de la altura produce un aumento de la presión pulmonar que es mayor en los lactantes y a mayores alturas. No hay valores únicos de saturación de oxígeno (SatO2) en la altura, porque ésta va disminuyendo según el mayor nivel de altura, aumenta con la edad, y la brecha entre la vigilia y sueño es grande (sobre todo en los primeros meses de vida). El 25% de los niños sanos que viven en altura tienen valores de SatO2 significativamente menores que el 75% restante. Los valores normales de los índices de apnea/hipopnea son distintos a los de nivel del mar. El edema pulmonar de las alturas es una patología frecuente, que se produce por un incremento desproporcionado en la VHP reflejando una hiperactividad del lecho vascular pulmonar ante la exposición aguda a la hipoxia hipobárica. Tiene cuatro fenotipos, es infrecuente en menores de 5 años y rara vez es mortal, la sospecha clínica y el manejo oportuno con oxigeno es la clave. Finalmente, en la altura los valores normales de la función pulmonar de la espirometría, oscilometría de impulso y capacidad de difusión son distintos que a nivel del mar.

At high altitude, especially > 2,500 meters above sea level, the absolute amount of oxygen decreases and therefore the amount available for gas exchange decreases, producing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (VHP). VHP associated with high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia produces an increase in pulmonary pressure that is greater in infants and at higher altitudes. There are no single values of oxygen saturation (SatO2) at altitude, because it decreases with the highest level of altitude, increases with age, and the gap between wakefulness and sleep is large (especially in the first months of life). Around 25% of healthy children living at altitude have SatO2 values significantly lower than the remaining 75%. The normal values of the apnea/hypopnea indices are different from those at sea level. High altitude pulmonary edema is a frequent pathology that is produced by a disproportionate increase in VHP reflecting hyperactivity of the pulmonary vascular bed in the face of acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, it has four phenotypes, it is uncommon in children under 5 years of age, and it is rarely fatal, the clinical suspicion and timely management with oxygen is the key. Finally, at high altitude, the normal values of lung function from spirometry, impulse oscillometry, and diffusing capacity are different from those at sea level.

Edema agudo de pulmón asociado al mal de altitud agudo en Huaraz: estudio transversal analítico / Acute high-altitude pulmonary edema in Huaraz: an analytical cross-sectional study

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir algunas características epidemiológicas y clínicas del edema agudo de pulmón por mal de altitud (EAP) observadas en un hospital de Áncash (3052 m s. n. m.). Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de 57 pacientes, quienes se presentaron en el Servicio de Emergencia del Hospital Víctor Ramos Guardia Huaraz entre enero de 1997 y enero del 2020. Todos cumplieron con los criterios diagnósticos de Lake Louise y una radiografía del tórax. La información se analizó mediante los usos de mediana y rango. Resultados: El 91,20 % de casos fueron del sexo masculino; 38,61% hicieron EAP de ascenso; 61,40 %, EAP de reascenso. El 21,10 % tuvo antecedente de EAP; 19,33 % desarrolló infección respiratoria previa; 10,53 %, un proceso patológico concomitante; 40,42 % hizo EAP durante el primer trimestre del año, y 45 % estuvo 10 días o menos a baja altitud. La presentación clínica incluyó disnea de reposo, crepitantes pulmonares, taquipnea, taquicardia y radiografía del tórax anormal en 100 % de los casos; tos productiva (96,52 %), dolor torácico (92,95 %), cefalea (56,11 %), cianosis (68,41 %), esputo rosado (42,13 %), fiebre (21,13 %) y leucocitosis (60,82 %). La mediana para la edad fue 20 años, frecuencia respiratoria 36/min, frecuencia cardiaca 124/min, PAS 100 mmHg, PAD 60 mmHg, temperatura 37,2 ºC, Hb 17,3 g/dl, Hto 53 %, recuento de leucocitos 12,500/mm3, resolución radiográfica del edema a las 48 horas. No hubo fallecidos. Conclusiones: Los factores que influyen en el EAP y sus determinantes son altura alcanzada, velocidad de ascenso, factores genéticos y antecedentes de EAP.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe some epidemiological and clinical characteristics of acute high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) observed in a hospital of the highlands of Ancash, located at 3,052 m a.s.l. Materials and methods: A descriptive observational study conducted with 57 patients who attended the emergency service of Hospital Víctor Ramos Guardia - Huaraz between January 1997 and January 2020. All patients fulfilled Lake Louise Criteria and had a chest X-ray. Median and range were used to analyze the information. Results: Male sex accounted for 91.20 %, ascent HAPE 38.61 % and re-ascent HAPE 61.40 %. Out of all patients, 21.10 % had a history of HAPE, 19.33 % developed a previous respiratory infection, 10.53 % had a concomitant disease, 40.42 % had HAPE during the first quarter of the year and 45 % had been 10 days or less at low altitude. Patients' clinical presentation included dyspnea at rest, pulmonary crackles, tachypnea, tachycardia and abnormal X-ray in 100 %; productive cough in 96.52 %; chest pain in 92.95 %; headache in 56.11 %; cyanosis in 68.41 %; pink sputum in 42.13 %; fever in 21.13 % and leukocytosis in 60.82 %. The median age was 20 years, respiratory rate 36/min, heart rate 124/min, SBP 100 mmHg, DBP 60 mmHg, temperature 37.2 °C, HGB 17.3 g/dl, HCT 53 %, WBC 12,500/mm3, radiographic resolution of the edema in 48 hours. There were no deaths. Conclusions: The factors that influence HAPE and its determinants are altitude, rate of ascent, genetic factors and history of HAPE.

Lesión Pulmonar Aguda Relacionada a Transfusión (TRALI) y dos diagnósticos diferenciales para tener en cuenta: Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) and Two Differential Diagnoses to Consider: Case Report and Literature Review

Resumen Las complicaciones pulmonares asociadas a la transfusión de hemoderivados son reacciones adversas graves y potencialmente mor tales. La Lesión Pulmonar Aguda Relacionada a Transfusión (TRALI), es una de las más frecuentes y con mayor mortalidad asociada. Es una entidad infradiagnosticada debido a su sintomatología inespecífica, a la ausencia de biomarcadores séricos específicos para su diagnóstico y a que aún la evidencia acerca de sus causas es heterogénea. El objetivo del presente artículo es documentar un caso clínico de TRALI y posteriormente, basados en la literatura actual, consolidar los aspectos fundamentales para la identificación oportuna de esta entidad y de dos diagnósticos diferenciales en el contexto de transfusión de hemoderivados y trauma: la Sobrecarga Circulatoria Asociada a Transfusión (TACO) y el Embolismo graso (EG). Así pues, se expone el caso clínico de una paciente adulto joven quien en el contexto de un politraumatismo requiere transfusión de hemoderivados, desarrollo de cuadro clínico compatible con TRALI; de esta manera, la discusión incluye aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatología, hallazgos imagenológicos y diagnóstico. Se logra concluir que es preciso poner a disposición de los profesionales del área de la salud literatura científica que favorezca la identificación de estas patologías con base en criterios clínicos, paraclínicos e imagenológicos, para así mismo, disminuir el riesgo de presentación y la mortalidad asociada.

Abstract Pulmonary complications associated with the transfusion of blood products are severe, potentially mortal adverse reactions. The transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is one of the most common and with higher associated mortality. It is an underdiagnosed entity due to its unspecified symptoms, the absence of diagnosis-specific serum biomarkers and the fact that the evidence about its causes is still heterogeneous. The objective of this article is to document a clinical case of TRALI and then, basing on the current literature, consolidate key aspects for the timely identification of this disease and of two differential diagnoses within the context of transfusion of blood products and trauma: the transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) and fat embolism (FE). So, we pres ent the clinical case of a female young adult patient requiring a transfusion of blood products due to a polytraumatism whose clinical condition is compatible with TRALI; thus, the discussion includes epidemiological aspects, physiopathology, imaging findings and diagnosis. We conclude that it is necessary to provide healthcare professionals with scientific literature that favors the identification of these diseases basing on clinical, paraclinical and imaging criteria so as to reduce the risk of presentation and associated mortality.

Asociación entre el tiempo de inicio de la ventilación no invasiva y la mortalidad en el edema pulmonar cardiogénico / Relationship between timing of initiation of non-invasive ventilation and mortality in cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Resumen Introducción: La ventilación no invasiva reduce la necesidad de intubación y la estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos en los pacientes con edema pulmonar cardiogénico. Objetivo: Evaluar la posible asociación entre el inicio de la ventilación no invasiva desde el ingreso a urgencias con la mortalidad y el requerimiento de intubación en pacientes con edema pulmonar cardiogénico. Método: Estudio analítico de cohorte retrospectiva, en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes mayores de 18 años hospitalizados en una institución de Medellín, Colombia. Resultados: 70 pacientes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y se compararon según el estado vital al alta. Sobrevivientes (49): la edad promedio fue de 63 años, el 34.7% fueron mujeres, el 57.1% tuvieron historia de neumopatía crónica y el 89% eran hipertensos; el promedio para recibir la intervención fue de 10 horas y el 20% requirieron intubación orotraqueal. No sobrevivientes (21): la edad promedio fue de 74 años, el 57.1% fueron mujeres, el 57.1% tuvieron historia de neumopatía crónica y el 90% eran hipertensos; el promedio para recibir la intervención fue de 7 horas y el 62% requirieron intubación. Tiempo de inicio en relación con la mortalidad en el análisis multivariado: odds ratio (OR) 1,05, intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) 0.89-1.24, p = 0.499; y por variable instrumental: 7% de diferencia de medias. En cuanto al tiempo de inicio y su asociación con la necesidad de intubación: OR 0.93, IC95% 0,86-1,01. Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que el inicio tardío de la ventilación no invasiva es un factor de riesgo; sin embargo, no se halló asociación estadísticamente significativa, por lo que se requieren estudios adicionales para confirmar este hallazgo.

Abstract Introduction: Non-invasive ventilation reduces the need for intubation and intensive care stay in cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Objective: To evaluate the possible relationship between the initiation of non-invasive ventilation on admission to the emergency room and mortality and the need for intubation in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Method: A retrospective analytical cohort study. A chart review of patients over the age of 18 hospitalized at an institution in Medellín, Colombia. Results: 70 patients met the inclusion criteria and were compared by vital status at discharge. Survivors (49): the average age was 63 years, 34.7% were women, 57.1% had a history of chronic pulmonary disease, 89% had hypertension, 10 hours was the average for receiving the intervention, and 20% required orotracheal intubation. Non-survivors (21): the average age was 74 years, 57.1% were women, 57.1% had a history of chronic pulmonary disease, 90% had hypertension; 7 hours was the average for receiving the intervention, and 62% required intubation. Timing of initiation related to mortality on the multivariate analysis: odds ratio (OR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.89-1.24, p = 0.499; and by instrumental variable: 7% difference in means. With regard to timing of initiation and its association with the need for intubation: OR 0.93, 95%CI 0.86-1.01. Conclusions: This study suggests that late initiation of non-invasive ventilation is a risk factor; however, no statistically significant association was found. Therefore, further studies are needed to confirm this finding.

Edema pulmonar posobstructivo en niños: ¿por qué debería pensarlo el otorrinolaringólogo? / Post obstructive pulmonary edema in children: Why should the otolaryngologist think about it?

Introducción: el edema pulmonar posobstructivo (EPPO), o por presión negativa, es una entidad potencialmente mortal, que se desarrolla inmediatamente luego de una obstrucción severa de la vía aérea superior. Materiales y métodos: descripción de una serie de 4 casos de EPPO ocurridos en niños, 3 de ellos secundarios a aspiración de un cuerpo extraño y el otro como complicación de una adenoamigdalectomía. Discusión: la causa más frecuente de la obstrucción de la vía aérea es el laringoespasmo asociado con la manipulación de la vía aérea durante la intubación o las intervenciones quirúrgicas de la vía aérea. Tanto la adenoamigdalectomía, como la extracción de cuerpos extraños en la vía aérea constituyen unas de las intervenciones más frecuentes de la práctica otorrinolaringológica para el tratamiento de la obstrucción de la vía aérea; sin embargo, puede potencialmente desarrollar EPPO. Conclusión: Destacamos la importancia de que el otorrinolaringólogo tenga presente esta afección en niños que presentan dificultad respiratoria tras cualquier obstrucción o intervención quirúrgica de la vía aérea.si bien los cuerpos extraños en la vía aérea en niños suelen presentarse con crisis de asfixia, tos paroxística o dificultad respiratoria luego del evento, también debería pensarse la posibilidad de un evento de aspiración de un cuerpo extraño no presenciado ante un cuadro de edema pulmonar sin causa conocida. Si bien la adenoamigdalectomía es una de las cirugías más frecuente en la práctica otorrinolaringológica, esta potencialmente puede complicarse con EPPO.

Introduction: Post-obstructive pulmonary edema (POPE) or by Negative Pressure, is a potentially fatal entity that develops immediately after a severe obstruction of the upper airway. Materials and methods: Description of a series of four cases of POPE in children, three of them secondary to foreign body aspiration and the remaining one as a complication of adenotonsillectomy. Discussion: The most common etiology of airway obstruction is laryngospasm associated to airway manipulation during intubation or airway surgery. Both adenotonsillectomy and removal of foreign bodies in the airway are one of the most common procedures in otorhinolaryngology practice for management of airway obstruction, however, they can potentially develop EPPO. Conclusion: Although airway foreign bodies in children usually present with sudden episode of choking, paroxysmal cough and/or respiratory distress, the likelihood of an unwitnessed foreign body aspiration event in the presence of unexplained pulmonary edema should also be considered. Although adenotonsillectomy is one of the most common surgeries in ENT practice, it can potentially be complicated by EPPO. We emphasize the importance of the otorhinolaryngologist keeping this condition in mind in children who present respiratory distress after any obstruction or surgical intervention of the airway.

Evolución de los pacientes con edema pulmonar cardiogénico tratados con ventilación no invasiva en emergencias

RESUMEN Introducción: El edema agudo del pulmón es frecuente en urgencias y la ventilación no invasiva es una nueva modalidad de soporte ventilatorio que se utiliza en su tratamiento. Objetivo: Describir las variaciones de los parámetros clínicos, ventilatorios y hemogasométricos en pacientes con edema pulmonar cardiogénico tratados con ventilación no invasiva. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal con 54 pacientes con edema agudo de pulmón ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Emergentes del Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora, de la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba, en el período comprendido desde enero de 2019 hasta enero de 2020. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino con el 70,4% de los enfermos, y la edad promedio fue de 62 años. El 90,7% de los enfermos tuvieron éxito en la técnica aplicado. Luego de 1 hora de tratamiento existió una mejoría de todos los parámetros clínicos y hemogasométricos, excepto el bicarbonato de sodio. Se necesitaron valores mayores de PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) en los pacientes donde fracasó del tratamiento ventilatorio impuesto y la frecuencia de aplicación de la técnica fue mayor en los enfermos que tuvieron éxito. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con edema agudo del pulmón, tratados con ventilación no invasiva, evolucionaron de manera favorable con mejoría de los parámetros clínicos, ventilatorios y hemogasométricos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute pulmonary edema is frequently treated in emergency departments and non-invasive ventilation is a new modality of ventilatory support used in its treatment. Objective: To describe the variations in clinical, ventilatory and hemogasometric parameters in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema treated with non-invasive ventilation. Method: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on 54 patients with acute pulmonary edema admitted to the Emergency Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora, in the city of Santiago de Cuba, from January 2019 to January 2020. Results: Males (70.4% of patients) prevailed and mean age was 62 years old. The applied technique was successful in 90.7% of patients. After one hour of treatment there was an improvement in all clinical and hemogasometric parameters, except in sodium bicarbonate. Higher PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) values were required in patients where the technique failed and the frequency of the technique application was higher in patients where it was successful. Conclusions: Patients with acute pulmonary edema, treated with non-invasive ventilation, evolved favorably with improvement in clinical, ventilatory and hemogasometric parameters.

Caracterização do comprometimento pulmonar associado à COVID-19 em pacientes com necessidade de ventilação mecânica / Characterization of pulmonary impairment associated with COVID-19 in patients requiring mechanical ventilation

RESUMO Objetivo: Detectar precocemente a instabilidade respiratória e hemodinâmica para caracterizar o comprometimento pulmonar em pacientes com COVID-19 grave. Métodos: Analisamos retrospectivamente os dados colhidos de pacientes com COVID-19 que apresentaram insuficiência respiratória aguda com necessidade de intubação e ventilação mecânica. Utilizamos a avaliação da termodiluição transpulmonar por meio do dispositivo PiCCO™. Foram coletados os dados demográficos, respiratórios, hemodinâmicos e ecocardiográficos dentro das primeiras 48 horas após a admissão. Para resumir os dados, utilizamos estatística descritiva. Resultados: Entre 22 de março e 7 de abril de 2020, foram admitidos 23 pacientes com COVID-19 grave. Foram monitorados com o dispositivo PiCCO™ 12 (22,6%) deles. Quando da admissão, o volume diastólico final global indexado era normal (média de 738,8mL ± 209,2) e, na hora 48, encontrava-se moderadamente aumentado (879mL ± 179), enquanto o índice cardíaco se achava abaixo do normal (2,84 ± 0,65). Todos os pacientes revelaram a presença de água extravascular pulmonar acima de 8mL/kg na admissão (17,9 ± 8,9). Não identificamos qualquer evidência de origem cardiogênica. Conclusão: No caso de pneumonia grave por COVID-19, o quadro hemodinâmico e respiratório é compatível com edema pulmonar sem evidência de origem cardiogênica, o que favorece o diagnóstico de síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To detect early respiratory and hemodynamic instability to characterize pulmonary impairment in patients with severe COVID-19. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data collected from COVID-19 patients suffering from acute respiratory failure requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. We used transpulmonary thermodilution assessment with a PiCCO™ device. We collected demographic, respiratory, hemodynamic and echocardiographic data within the first 48 hours after admission. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Results: Fifty-three patients with severe COVID-19 were admitted between March 22nd and April 7th. Twelve of them (22.6%) were monitored with a PiCCO™ device. Upon admission, the global-end diastolic volume indexed was normal (mean 738.8mL ± 209.2) and moderately increased at H48 (879mL ± 179), and the cardiac index was subnormal (2.84 ± 0.65). All patients showed extravascular lung water over 8mL/kg on admission (17.9 ± 8.9). We did not identify any argument for cardiogenic failure. Conclusion: In the case of severe COVID-19 pneumonia, hemodynamic and respiratory presentation is consistent with pulmonary edema without evidence of cardiogenic origin, favoring the diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Edema pulmonar neurogênico - revisão da literatura e relato de caso / Pulmonary neurogenic edema - revision of literature and case repor

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de relatar um caso de edema pulmonar de etiologia neurogênica (EPN), que ocorreu nos pós-operatório imediato (POI) de uma neurocirurgia (pós-clipagem de aneurisma intracraniano). O controle adequado no POI deste edema pode ser difícil, e seu tratamento é diferente do edema pulmonar de origem cardiogênica. Houve maior tempo de internamento (tanto da UTI como hospitalar) pela própria característica do edema e as complicações resultantes que ocorreram. O paciente permaneceu na UTI por 154 dias, com vários episódios de sepse. A sua alta hospitalar foi possível, mas à custa de cuidados pós-hospitalares assistenciais

The aim of this work was to describe a case with pulmonary edema of neuronic ethnology (NPE) that occurred in the immediate postoperative period of a neurosurgery (clipping a cerebral aneurysm). The proper identification of this event can be difficult in he immediate postoperative care, and the its treatment is different from the cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Longer hospital stay (both ICU and hospital) by the very characteristic of the edema and the complications that occurred. The patient stayed at the ICU for 154 days, with multiple cases of sepsis. His hospital discharge was possible, but at the expense of post-hospital care

Edema agudo pulmonar Postextubación / Edema agudo pulmonar Postextubación

El edema pulmonar agudo posextubación constituye un evento poco frecuente en la práctica anestésica. Cuando ocurre es necesario administrar tratamiento adecuado, ya que las complicaciones del mismo pueden traducirse en mayor estancia hospitalaria y lesiones serias del aparato respiratorio, como edema pulmonar intersticial, elevación de la presión hidrostática capilar y aumento de la presión transmural de las cámaras cardiacas, lo que puede conducir a fallo del aparato cardiovascular y a la muerte subsecuente del paciente. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con clasificación del estado físico ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologist) II, sin patología pulmonar previa, quien al momento de la emersión anestésica presenta un episodio agudo de dificultad respiratoria, con evidencia de edema pulmonar posextubación confirmado por clínica e imágenes con ulterior resolución satisfactoria.

Post-extubation acute pulmonary edema is a rare event in anesthetic practice. When it occurs, it requires adequate treatment, since its complications may result in longer hospital stay and serious respiratory system lesions, such as interstitial pulmonary edema, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased transmural pressure of the cardiac chambers, which may progress to cardiopulmonary arrest and death of the patient. We present the case of a patient who was classified with the (American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) II physical status, without a history of pulmonary disease, who upon emergence of general anesthesia developed an acute episode of respiratory distress, with evidence of post-extubation pulmonary edema confirmed by clinical and imaging findings with subsequent satisfactory resolution.

Hallazgos de autopsias en la infección por COVID-19 / Autopsy findings in COVID-19 Infection

RESUMEN Fundamento: la neumonía por COVID-19 es una enfermedad recién conocida que se ha extendido de manera rápida por todo el mundo. Los fundamentos patogénicos y los cambios histopatológicos que provoca el COVID-19 no se comprenden en su totalidad, lo cual atenta contra la identificación clínica adecuada de los pacientes y la implementación de estrategias terapéuticos eficaces. Objetivo: describir los hallazgos histopatológicos hallados en autopsia de casos confirmados de COVID-19. Métodos: la evidencia se recopiló mediante una búsqueda en PubMed de publicaciones en idioma inglés, utilizando las palabras claves: coronavirus, COVID-19, autopsy y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda en varias combinaciones en el año 2020. Solo se hallaron cinco artículos con información sobre los resultados de las autopsias de casos confirmados con COVID-19. Resultados: desde el inicio de la pandemia en diciembre de 2019 se han publicado siete informes de autopsias de casos confirmados con COVID-19, recogidos en cuatro artículos. Todas las autopsias han coincidido en el principal hallazgo: daño alveolar difuso con formación de membrana hialina, lo cual se correlaciona con las manifestaciones clínicas del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda. Conclusiones: el COVID-19 produce principalmente daño alveolar, el cual consiste en edema pulmonar con formación de membrana hialina que se expresa clínicamente como un síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda.

ABSTRACT Background: COVID-19 pneumonia is a recently recognized disease that has spread rapidly throughout the world. The pathogenic foundations and histopathological changes caused by COVID-19 are not fully understood, which undermines the proper clinical identification of patients and the implementation of effective therapeutic strategies. Objective: to describe the histopathological findings found at autopsy of confirmed cases of COVID-19. Methods: evidence was collected by searching PubMed for English language publications, using the keywords: coronavirus, COVID-19, autopsy and acute respiratory distress syndrome in various combinations in 2020. Only five articles were found with information on the autopsy results of confirmed cases with COVID-19. Results: since the start of the pandemic in December 2019, seven autopsy reports of confirmed cases with COVID-19 have been published, collected in 4 articles. All autopsies have agreed on the main finding: diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membrane formation, which correlates with the clinical manifestations of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Conclusions: COVID-19 mainly produces alveolar damage, which consists of pulmonary edema with hyaline membrane formation, which is clinically expressed as an acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Efeitos da Heroína nos Parâmetros Eletrocardiográficos / Effect of Heroin on Electrocardiographic Parameters

Resumo Fundamento Atualmente, o vício em heroína é um problema de saúde preocupante, e as informações sobre os efeitos eletrocardiográficos da heroína são limitadas. Objetivos O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar os efeitos da dependência de heroína em parâmetros eletrocardiográficos. Métodos Um total de 136 indivíduos, incluindo 66 indivíduos que fumam heroína como grupo de estudo e 70 indivíduos saudáveis sem dependência de drogas como grupo de controle, foram incluídos no estudo. Indivíduos que injetam heroína foram excluídos. A avaliação eletrocardiográfica (ECG) dos usuários de heroína foi realizada e comparada com as do grupo controle. Além disso, os ECGs pré e pós-tratamento do grupo usuário de heroína foram comparados. Um valor de p<0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados A frequência cardíaca (77,2±12,8 versus 71,4±11,2; p=0,02) foi maior no grupo usuário de heroína em comparação com o grupo controle. Os intervalos QT (341,50±25,80 versus 379,11±45,23; p=0,01), QTc (385,12±29,11 versus 411,3±51,70; p<0,01) e o intervalo do pico ao fim da onda T (Tpe) (65,41±10,82 versus 73,3±10,13; p<0,01) foram significativamente menores no grupo usuário de heroína. Nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os grupos com respeito às razões Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc. Na análise de subgrupo do grupo usuário de heroína, os intervalos QT (356,81±37,49 versus 381,18±40,03; p<0,01) e QTc (382,06±26,41 versus 396,06±29,80; p<0,01) foram significativamente mais curtos no período pré-tratamento. Conclusão O vício em heroína afeta significativamente os intervalos de tempo QT, QTc e Tpe. Os efeitos de arritmia desses parâmetros já são conhecidos. Os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos desses indivíduos merecem mais atenção. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1135-1141)

Abstract Background Heroin addiction is currently a significant health problem, and information on the electrocardiographic effects of heroin is limited. Objetivo The aim of the present study is to investigate effects of heroin addiction on electrocardiographic parameters. Methods A total of 136 individuals, including 66 individuals who smoke heroin as the study group and 70 healthy individuals with no drug addiction as the control group, were included in the study. Individuals who inject heroin were excluded. Electrocardiographic (ECG) evaluation of those using heroin was performed and compared with those of the control group. In addition, pre-treatment and post-treatment ECG of the heroin group were compared. A p-value of <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results Heart rate (77.2±12.8 versus 71.4±11.2; p=0.02) were found to be higher in the heroin group compared to the control group. QT (341.50±25.80 versus 379.11±45.23; p=0.01), QTc intervals (385.12±29.11 versus 411.3±51.70; p<0.01), and T peak to end time (Tpe) (65.41±10.82 versus 73.3±10.13; p<0.01) were significantly shorter in the heroin group. No difference was observed between the groups with regard to Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios. In the subgroup analysis of the heroin group, QT (356.81±37.49 versus 381.18±40.03; p<0.01) and QTc (382.06±26.41 versus 396.06±29.80; p<0.01) intervals were significantly shorter in the pre-treatment period. Conclusion Heroin addiction significantly affects the QT, QTc, and Tpe time intervals. The arrhythmia effects of these parameters are well known. More attention to the electrocardiographic parameters of these individuals should be given. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1135-1141)

Edema agudo de pulmón de reentrada a gran altitud / Acute re-entry high-altitude pulmonary edema

RESUMEN El edema agudo de pulmón de altura es una condición médica potencialmente mortal. Se conoce también como edema agudo de pulmón de altura "de reentrada" y puede ocurrir en residentes de la altura que retornan de una estadía en una zona de menor altitud. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 14 años de edad, nativo y residente de la ciudad de El Alto (La Paz, Bolivia), a 4090 metros sobre el nivel del mar, que presenta un cuadro de edema agudo pulmonar de altura a su regreso de una localidad a 500 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Este paciente requirió tratamiento intensivo y tuvo una evolución favorable.

ABSTRACT Acute high-altitude pulmonary edema is a potentially life-threatening medical condition. Also known as acute re-entry high-altitude pulmonary edema, it may occur in highland dwellers who return to their hometown after having stayed at a lower-level area. This is the case of a 14 year-old male patient, native to and resident of the city of El Alto (La Paz, Bolivia), located at 4,090 meters above sea level. The patient developed acute high-altitude pulmonary edema when returning from a town at 500 meters above sea level. He required intensive care and showed a favorable evolution.

Un ejemplo de respuesta adaptativa integrada: la aclimatación humana a la altitud / An example of integrated adaptive response: human acclimatization to altitude

Se describen las respuestas fisiológicas que el ser humano desarrolla en respuesta a la exposición a la altitud geográfica. Se describen no sólo las alteraciones debidas a una mala coordinación de los ajustes fisiológicos desencadenados durante la aclimatación a la altura sino también sus manifestaciones clínicas más relevantes. Se detallan los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes a tales respuestas y cómo su mejor conocimiento puede permitir aplicar la exposición intermitente a hipoxia como una herramienta útil para la resolución o alivio de determinadas alteraciones y patologías.

We depict the physiological responses developed by the human body in response to the exposure to geographic altitude. The main alterations due to a noncoordinated setup of the physiological adjustments triggered during the acclimatization at altitude are also described, as its most relevant clinical manifestations. The molecular mechanisms underlying such responses are detailed, and how a better knowledge of these processes can allow us to apply intermittent exposure to hypoxia programs as a useful tool for the resolution or relief of certain disorders and pathologies.

Edema agudo de pulmón por mal de altura: caso pediátrico / Acute pulmonary edema due to altitude sickness: pediatric case

Resumen: El edema pulmonar por mal de altura es una entidad no cardiogénica que se debe a hipoxia hipobárica y falta de adaptación pulmonar en los pacientes que retornan a altitudes mayores de 2.500 m luego de haber permanecido a nivel del mar por varios días. Esta entidad, frecuente en los niños, debido a sus características anatómicas y fisiológicas, suele ser subdiagnosticada o confundida con otras patologías que cursan con insuficiencia respiratoria. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino, 4 años de edad, atendido en Emergencias por dificultad respiratoria severa por mal de altura.

Abstract: Pulmonary edema by altitude sickness is a non-cardiogenic entity, due to lack of pulmonary adaptation and hypobaric hypoxia in patients who return to altitudes higher than 2,500 meters after staying for several days at sea level. This entity is frequent in children, given their physiological and anatomical characteristics. It tends to be underdiagnosed or confused with other pathologies associated with shortness of breath. We present the case of a four-year-old male patient, who attended the emergency department for severe respiratory distress caused by altitude sickness.

Efeitos da pressão positiva contínua e de dois níveis na via aérea em edema agudo de pulmão cardiogênico: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of continuous positive pressure and of two levels on the airline in acute cardiogenic lung edema: a systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: O edema agudo de pulmão cardiogênico (EAPC) representa uma importante causa de insuficiência respiratória aguda podendo ser atenuada com a instalação de ventilação mecânica não-invasiva (VNI). OBJETIVO: Comparar pressão positiva contínua (CPAP) e pressão positiva de dois níveis (BIPAP) na via aérea em pacientes adultos com EAPC, quanto à função pulmonar, ao tempo de permanência, suas complicações e a dispneia através de uma revisão sistemática. METODOLOGIA: Ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados (ECR), revisados por dois revisores independentes, conforme recomendações PRISMA, nas bases de dados PubMed e Biblioteca Cochrane. Incluídos estudos originais que utilizaram a CPAP e a BIPAP em pacientes com EAPC publicados na língua inglesa. A Escala PEDro foi utilizada para analisar a qualidade metodológica dos estudos e a Cochrane Collaboration para análise de risco de viés. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 13 artigos, publicados entre os anos 1997 e 2014. Os níveis de CPAP variaram entre 5 e 20 cmH2O nos estudos, e BIPAP apresentou-se com pressão inspiratória positiva (IPAP) entre 8 e 20 cmH2O e pressão expiratória positiva (PEEP) entre 3 e 10 cmH2O. Os estudos apresentaram CPAP e BIPAP sem diferença estatisticamente significante para a melhora da função pulmonar (FR, PaO2 e PaCO2), tempo de internamento, taxas de mortalidade, entubação e infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM); mostrando-se como modalidades igualmente eficazes. CONCLUSÃO: CPAP e a BIPAP garantem os mesmos efeitos para melhora da função pulmonar, não mantém relação com a permanência da internação e complicações, e melhoram o quadro de dispneia.

INTRODUCTION: Acute cardiogenic lung edema (EAPC) represents an important cause of acute respiratory failure and can be attenuated with the installation of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV). OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of continuous positive pressure (CPAP) and two-way positive airway pressure (BIPAP) in adult patients with acute pulmonary edema of pulmonary function, length of stay and complications, and dyspnea through a systematic review METHODOLOGY: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed by two independent reviewers, as recommended by the PRISMA platform, in the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Original studies using CPAP and BIPAP were used in patients with acute cardiogenic lung edema published in English. The PEDro Scale was used to analyze the methodological quality of the studies and Cochrane Collaboration. RESULTS: We included 13 articles, published between 1997 and 2014. CPAP levels ranged from 5 to 20 cmH2O in the studies, and BIPAP presented positive inspiratory pressure (IPAP) between 8 and 20 cmH2O and positive expiratory pressure (EPAP) between 3 and 10 cmH2O. The studies presented CPAP and BIPAP without statistically significant difference for the improvement of the pulmonary function (FR, PaO2 and PaCO2), permanence of hospitalization, mortality rates, intubation and acute myocardial infarction (AMI); as equally effective modalities. CONCLUSION: CPAP and BIPAP guarantee the same effects to improve pulmonary function, does not maintain relation with the permanence of hospitalization and complications, namely: mortality, intubation and AMI, and improve dyspnea.

Negative pressure pulmonary edema: report of case series and review of the literature / Edema pulmonar por pressão negativa: relato de casos e revisão da literatura

Abstract Background and objectives: Negative pressure pulmonary edema occurs by increased intrathoracic negative pressure following inspiration against obstructed upper airway. The pressure generated is transmitted to the pulmonary capillaries and exceeds the pressure of hydrostatic equilibrium, causing fluid extravasation into the pulmonary parenchyma and alveoli. In anesthesiology, common situations such as laryngospasm and upper airway obstruction can trigger this complication, which presents considerable morbidity and requires immediate diagnosis and propaedeutics. Upper airway patency, noninvasive ventilation with positive pressure, supplemental oxygen and, if necessary, reintubation with mechanical ventilation are the basis of therapy. Case report: Case 1: Male, 52 years old, undergoing appendectomy under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, reversed with anticholinesterase, presented with laryngospasm after extubation, followed by pulmonary edema. Case 2: Female, 23 years old, undergoing breast reduction under general anesthesia with oro-tracheal intubation, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, reversed with anticholinesterase,presented with inspiration against closed glottis after extubation, was treated with non-invasiveventilation with positive pressure; after 1 hour, she had pulmonary edema. Case 3: Male, 44 yearsold, undergoing ureterolithotripsy under general anesthesia, without neuromuscular blocker,presented with laryngospasm after laryngeal mask removal evolving with pulmonary edema. Case 4: Male, 7 years old, undergoing crude fracture reduction under general anesthesia withorotracheal intubation, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, presented with laryngospasmreversed with non-invasive ventilation with positive pressure after extubation, followed bypulmonary edema. Conclusions: The anesthesiologists should prevent the patient from perform a forced inspirationagainst closed glottis, in addition to being able to recognize and treat cases of negative pressurepulmonary edema.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O edema pulmonar por pressão negativa ocorre por aumento da pressão negativa intratorácica após inspiração contra via aérea superior obstruída. A pressão gerada é transmitida aos capilares pulmonares e supera a pressão de equilíbrio hidrostático, o que causa extravasamento de líquido para o parênquima pulmonar e alvéolos. Em anestesiologia, situações comuns como laringoespasmo e obstrução de via aérea superior podem desencadear essa complicação, que apresenta considerável morbidade e exige diagnóstico e propedêutica imediatos. A desobstrução das vias aéreas superiores, ventilação não invasiva com pressão positiva, oxigênio suplementar e, se necessário reintubação com ventilação mecânica são a base da terapia. Relato de caso: Caso 1: Masculino, 52 anos, submetido a apendicectomia sob anestesia geral com intubação orotraqueal, uso de bloqueador neuromuscular adespolarizante, revertido com anticolinesterásico; apresentou laringoespasmo após extubação, seguido de edema pulmonar. Caso 2: Feminino, 23 anos, submetida a mamoplastia redutora sob anestesia geral com intubação orotraqueal, bloqueador neuromuscular adespolarizante revertido com anticolinesterásico, apresentou inspiração contra glote fechada após extubação, tratada com ventilação não invasiva com pressão positiva; após uma hora apresentou edema pulmonar. Caso 3: Masculino, 44 anos, submetido a ureterolitotripsia sob anestesia geral, sem bloqueador neuromuscular, apresentou laringoespasmo após retirada de máscara laríngea e evoluiu com edema pulmonar. Caso 4: Masculino, sete anos, submetido a redução cruenta de fratura sob anestesia geral com intubação orotraqueal, uso de bloqueador neuromuscular adespolarizante; apresentou laringo-espasmo revertido com ventilação não invasiva com pressão positiva após extubação, seguidode edema pulmonar. Conclusões: O anestesiologista deve evitar que o paciente faça inspiração forçada contra glotefechada, além de ser capaz de reconhecer e tratar os casos de edema pulmonar por pressãonegativa.

Edema agudo de pulmón no cardiogénico en el postoperatorio inmediato / Noncardiogenic acute pulmonary edema in the immediate postoperative period

Acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a rare clinical entity which sometimes complicates the perioperative period. Even though one of the main causes is the acute obstruction of the airway, which may occur during a laryngospasm event, its etiology is varied and must be known for an adequate clinical management. We report the case of an 18 year old patient who developed postoperative acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, probably of mixed etiology.

El edema agudo de pulmón (EAP) no cardiogénico es una entidad poco habitual que complica en ocasiones el período perioperatorio. Aunque una de las principales causas es la obstrucción aguda de la vía aérea que puede ocurrir durante un episodio de laringoespasmo, su etiología es variada y debe ser conocida para un adecuado manejo clínico. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 18 años que desarrolló un EAP no cardiogénico postoperatorio, de etiología probablemente mixta.

Edema pulmonar por presión negativa con máscara laríngea clásica. Presentación de un caso pediátrico / Pulmonary edema due to negative pressure with classical laryngeal mask. Presentation of a pediatric case

RESUMEN El edema pulmonar por presión negativa es una complicación rara y dramática en la anestesia general. Habitualmente ocurre como consecuencia de un laringoespasmo u otra causa de obstrucción de la vía aérea. Se presentó un caso con el objetivo de mostrar los elementos usados para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del edema pulmonar por presión negativa. Paciente de 7 años de edad, femenina, ASA I, operada de metatarso varo funcional con anestesia general balanceada y máscara laríngea clásica # 3. Desarrolló dicho evento adverso durante la recuperación anestésica. El diagnóstico se basó en la disociación toraco abdominal al restablecer la ventilación espontanea, crepitantes en ambos hemitórax, cianosis central, hipoxemia y la presencia de infiltrado difuso bilateral alveolar. Se intubó la tráquea, se controló la ventilación con presión positiva al final de la espiración y se administró furosemida. La paciente fue trasladada a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos donde evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Este es un síndrome cuya verdadera incidencia se desconoce debido a la escasa familiarización con el mismo. La evolución de los pacientes es favorable siempre que se establezca el diagnóstico y el tratamiento oportuno (AU).

ABSTRACT Pulmonary edema due to negative pressure is a rare and dramatic complication in general anesthetic. It usually occurs as a consequence of a laryngeal spasm or another cause of respiratory tract obstruction.A case was presented with the aim of showing the elements used for the diagnosis and treatment of the pulmonary edema due to negative pressure. An ASA I, 7-year-old female patient, was operated on a functional metatarsus varus with balanced general anesthetic and classical laryngeal mask number 3. She developed this adverse event during the anesthetic recovery. The diagnosis was based on the thoracoabdominal dissociation when recovering spontaneous ventilation, crepitation in hemithoraxes, central cyanosis, hypoxemia, and alveolar bilateral diffused infiltrate. The trachea was intubated, ventilation was controlled with positive pressure at the end of the expiration and furosemide was administered. The patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit where she evolved satisfactorily. This is a syndrome whose true incidence is unknown as a result of the lack of familiarization with it. Patients' evolution is favorable whenever the right diagnosis and treatment are timely established (AU).

Acute and chronic bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema in Uruguay / Edema e enfisema pulmonar agudo e crônico em bovinos do Uruguai

An outbreak of pulmonary edema and emphysema with acute and chronic cases is reported in a farm in Uruguay. In a herd of 40 Hereford steers, 20 died. The deaths began four days after a change of paddock, from an old pasture of Avena sativa to a lush growing pasture of the same grass. Acutely affected animals showed severe dyspnea, sialorrhea, cough, and subcutaneous edema, and died within 72 hours. Chronically affected steers showed dyspnea, respiratory noises, weight loss, and intolerance to exercise. The deaths began four days after the change of paddock. Ten days after the first death, the steers were withdrawn from the pasture, but continued dying throughout the following 40 days. Twenty animals died and six were necropsied. Grossly, the lungs were diffusely armed and glistening, with reddish and crepitant cut surface, and presented alveolar septae sharply distended by edema and emphysema. There was subpleural emphysema with air blebs distributed across the pleural surface. Presence of Dictyocaulus viviparus was observed in three steers. In some animals, the trachea was diffusely reddish with presence of pink foam; in some others, there was bloody liquid in the tracheal lumen. Histologic examination showed severe diffuse alveolar and interstitial emphysema, hyaline membranes adhered to the alveolar wall, thickening of the interlobular septae with proliferation of type II pneumocytes, and moderate-to-severe multifocal histiocytic, neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltrate. In the trachea, there was submucosal hemorrhage and moderate multifocal eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltrate. The steers with chronic signs presented similar lung lesions, but multifocal pulmonary fibrosis and cardiac dilatation were also observed. The diagnosis of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema (ABPE) was based on the occurrence of the disease after introduction of the herd in a lush green pasture, on the characteristic gross and histologic lesions, and on the absence of other toxic or infectious agents causing similar lesions. Cattle raisers should be alert to the risks of occurrence of this disease after the introduction of the herds into paddocks with green and lush pastures.(AU)

Descreve-se um surto de edema e enfisema pulmonar com casos agudos e crônicos em bovinos em uma criação semi-intensiva no Uruguai. De um lote de 40 novilhos da raça Hereford morreram 20. As mortes começaram quatro dias após uma mudança de alimentação, de uma pastagem mais velha de Avena sativa, para uma pastagem recentemente plantada de aveia que estava em brotação. Os animais afetados apresentaram sinais clínicos agudos de dispneia, sialorreia, tosse e alguns desenvolveram edema subcutâneo, morrendo em até 72 horas. Outros novilhos mais cronicamente afetados apresentaram dispneia, ruídos respiratórios, perda de peso e intolerância ao exercício. As mortes começaram quatro dias após a mudança de pastagens. Dez dias após a primeira morte, os novilhos foram retirados do pasto, mas morreram ainda durante 40 dias mais. Ao total, morreram vinte animais e seis foram necropsiados. Nas necropsias dos animais mortos na fase aguda os pulmões estavam difusamente armados e brilhosos e ao corte de coloração avermelhada e crepitante, com os septos alveolares acentuadamente distendidos por edema e enfisema. Havia enfisema subpleural caracterizado por bolhas de ar distribuídas pela superfície pleural. Em três bovinos havia ainda presença de Dictyocaulus viviparus. Alguns animais apresentaram a traqueia difusamente avermelhada com espuma de coloração rósea ou liquido sanguinolento livre na luz traqueal. Histologicamente havia edema e enfisema alveolar e intersticial difuso severo, membranas hialinas espessas aderidas à parede alveolar, espessamento dos septos interlobulares com proliferação de pneumócitos tipo II e infiltrado inflamatório histiocítico, neutrofílico e eosinofílico multifocal moderado a severo. Na traqueia havia hemorragias na submucosa e infiltrado eosinofílico e linfocítico multifocal. Os novilhos com sinais crônicos apresentaram lesões pulmonares semelhantes, entretanto, foram observadas também, fibrose pulmonar multifocal e dilatação cardíaca. O diagnóstico de EEPAB baseou-se na ocorrência da doença após a introdução do rebanho em uma pastagem viçosa em brotação, nas características macroscópicas e histológicas e na ausência de outros agentes tóxicos ou infecciosos que causam lesões semelhantes. Se alerta para os riscos da ocorrência desta enfermidade, quando houver mudanças de pastagens.(AU)